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| Part Category | Part Name | Material Recommendation | Specifications (National Standard / Example) | Core Dimension Parameters (Example, Unit: mm) | Key Performance Parameters | Applicable Scenarios | Remarks |
| Flat Sealing | Flat Washer | - Low carbon steel (Q235) - stainless steel (304/316) - brass (H62) | GB/T 97.1 (Grade A) Example: M5, M8, M12 | Inner diameter (d1): 5.3 (M5), 8.4 (M8), 13 (M12) Outer diameter (d2): 9 (M5), 14 (M8), 20 (M12) Thickness (h): 1 (M5), 1.6 (M8), 2 (M12) | Hardness: HB100-130 (Q235), HB140-180 (304) Temperature resistance: -200~600℃ (304) Compressive strength: ≥235MPa (Q235) | Increase the contact area between the bolt and the connected part, disperse the pressure, and protect the surface of the connected part | Grade A precision is preferred and used in situations where higher precision is required |
| Anti-loosening type | Spring washer | - Spring steel (65Mn) - Stainless steel (304) | GB/T 93 example: M5, M8, M12 | Inner diameter (d): 5 (M5), 8 (M8), 12 (M12) Outer diameter (D): 10 (M5), 16 (M8), 24 (M12) Thickness (s): 1.6 (M5), 2.5 (M8), 3 (M12) | Hardness: HRC42-48 (65Mn), HRC38-45 (304) Elastic recovery rate: ≥80% (65Mn) Fatigue resistance: ≥10⁵ times | Preload is generated by elastic deformation to prevent the bolt from loosening due to vibration | 65Mn material requires galvanized surface to prevent rust in humid environments |
| Buffer compensation type | Wave washer | - Stainless steel (301/304) - Phosphor bronze (QSn6.5-0.1) | GB/T 1972 example: M6, M10, M16 | Inner diameter (d1): 6.5 (M6), 10.5 (M10), 17 (M16) Outer diameter (d2): 12 (M6), 18 (M10), 26 (M16) Free height (H): 2 (M6), 3 (M10), 4 (M16) Working height (h): 1.2 (M6), 1.8 (M10), 2.5 (M16) | Hardness: HRC30-35 (301), HB100-130 (Phosphor Bronze) Working pressure: ≤5MPa (301) Temperature resistance: -270~400℃ (301) | Compensate for assembly clearance, absorb vibration, reduce noise, suitable for dynamic load scenarios | Mostly single-layer structure, double-layer wave washers can be selected for special needs |
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